Online Threats vs. Mitigation Efforts: Keeping Children Safe in the Era of Online Learning

As the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in school closures since early 2020, children have spent more time online through virtual classrooms using educational technology (EdTech) and videoconferencing applications. This increased presence of children online exposes them to more risk of cyber threats. Here, we present a review of the current research and policies to protect children while online. We seek to answer four key questions: what are the online threats against children when learning online, what is known about children's cybersecurity awareness, what government policies and recommendations are implemented and proposed to protect children online, and what are the proposed and existing efforts to teach cybersecurity to childrenƒ Our study emphasizes the online risks to children and the importance of protective government policies and educational initiatives that give kids the knowledge and empowerment to protect themselves online. © 2023 IEEE.

Diagnostic Analysis of mZN Microscopy and PCR for Detection of Cryptosporidiosis in Goat Kids - A Molecular Epidemiological Study

The occurrence of Cryptosporidium species infection and its risk factors in neonatal goats is less explored. Also it is due to the fact that diseases like colibacillosis and neonatal viral enteritis complex caused by Group A rotaviruses and Bovine corona viruses can co-exist with Cryptosporidium and can lead to mixed infections and the latter is often overlooked. Therefore, in the current research we explored the cryptosporidial occurrence in neonatal goats of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, a total of 644 faecal samples were collected from neonatal goats at different villages and certain organized farms of Mathura district age-wise, season-wise and breed-wise, and were examined for Cryptosporidium based on modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique, conventional 18SSU rRNA nested PCR assay. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in goats based on microscopy was 36.80% (237/644;p value <0.0001) and 18SSU rRNA nested PCR 52.95% (341/644;p value <0.0001) respectively. Cryptosporidium species typing was also done using 18SSU rRNA nested PCR-RFLP product using enzymes Mbo-II, Ssp-I and Vsp-I, which revealed species including C. parvum C. bovis, C. ryanae, C. hominis and C. andersoni. Also the infection was clinically associated based on age, gender and seasons to identify the causal relationships that precipitate the cryptosporidial infection in goat kids. Since mZN microscopy based screening requires expertise and may sometimes be confuse with other weak acid fast bodies and also due to low sensitivity, combination of diagnostic tests are used in this study to identify the best test combination that yields best statistical fit in terms of kappa-agreement and McNemar's test. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by an enteric protozoan parasite and the first report in sheep and goat was observed in early 1980s, with other important etiological agents for neonatal diarrhoea, mortality and morbidity in neonatal kids and lambs, responsible for economic losses.Copyright © 2023 Indian Veterinary Assocaition. All rights reserved.

Parent-Preschooler Kid?s Activities in the Time of COVID-19 Outbreak: an Autoethnography on Child?s Second

The present study reported a life experience of a teacher family in Indonesia with a 4-year-old daughter. The observation occurred from March 2020 to July 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. This stay-at-home moment became an opportunity to create more parent-kid preschooler bonding and interaction that could impact the developing children language. Indonesian is our family native language (L1);therefore, the exposure started earlier for the kids. However, as parent-kid interaction was enhanced during the pandemic, we boosted our kid English (L2) with a variety of Edu-home activities such as reading aloud, storytelling, role-playing, and watching YouTube-kid. Her language production was documented, and the progress was analyzed. The aim was to generate a more profound understanding of our roles as parents in scaffolding the acceleration of preschoolers' English development, especially in creating meaningful activities. Going through an autoethnography, we reflect on our practice to know how the family members played the role of a language catalyst and which activities were taken more into account.

Model of Visualization and Analytics for Open Data (Case: Election Voters & Kids Disability Category)

Several regional head elections had to be postponed due to the pandemic, including in Indonesia because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several big cities in Indonesia are of concern because of their large population and GDP. This study conducts analysis and testing of datasets taken from Open Data in a city in Indonesia. In addition to conducting research on regional head elections, we also present information on voters from the category of kids with disabilities. The steps used in this research are using regional mapping data of the city of Surabaya in the Election of the Regional Head. Download the data or dataset for the Regional Head Election ampersand Categories of kids with disabilities. Based on the dataset voters from the category of children with disabilities are more than 5 percent.In this research, we use Python to process our datasets & Big Data technology. Data cleaning or cleansing, Exploratory Data Analysis, and Empirical Cumulative Distribution Functions (ECDF) in python are also needed. Result from ECDF chart with steady increase (increment of 0.1). The highest variance value is in Electoral District 5 = 6.090 and the lowest value is in Electoral District 4 = 0.90. The result of Open Data is graphical data visualization and candidate scores to help as an alternative for the 2024 Regional Head Election and the Category of kids with disabilities. © 2023 IEEE.

A Study of Long-Term Outcome of Mycophenolate Dose Modulation in Renal Allograft Recipients with Sars-Cov2 Infection during Covid-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND: A significant reduction of acute rejection rates was observed after using Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in renal transplant recipients (RTR). However side-effects like hematological and gastrointestinal intolerance often occur when MMF is used in routine doses. MMF dose reduction is required during its side-effects or coexisting infection in RTR. The outcome of MMF dose modulation in RTR is not well established AIM OF THE STUDY: COVID-19 pandemic has given an opportunity to study the effect of MMF dose modulation on graft function as large number of RTR who had COVID-19 received MMF dose reduction or discontinuation. This study's objective was to determine whether MMF dose reduction or discontinuation was associated with the effect on allograft function after renal transplantation. We included all RTR who had an infection with SARS-CoV2 and received MMF dose reduction or discontinuation METHODS: We prospectively collected data of renal transplant recipients developing COVID-19 infection during the first and second covid waves. Management including decision on admission immunosuppression modulation antibiotics were done based on clinician'S discretion subject to logistics and the prevailing guidelines by the ISOT. All patients were followed up for minimum 15 months for graft dysfunction biopsy rate biopsy-proven acute rejection ( BPAR). The effect of immunosuppression modulation - MMF cessation (Group A) Vs MMF reduction/no manipulation (Group B) and its bearing on the incidence of rejection and was compared. Additional factors such as follow - up sub therapeutic CNI levels development of DSA ( when done ) steroid increment were studied regression model. Kaplan - Meier survival curves for 24 months drawn. RESULT(S): Among 251 renal transplant patients with SARSCoV2 infection, 38 patients died during Index admission. 45 patients have not completed for 15 months. 168 patients completed 15 month follow - up. Among them, antimetabolite were reduced in 115 (68.5%), stopped in 42 (25%), not manipulated in 5 ( 3%) and 6 patients were not on anti-metabolites and hence excluded from present analysis. Of the 162 patients, MMF had been stopped for 2 weeks or until presumed clinical recovery in 42 patients ( Group A) and the rest in 120 patients ( Group B). Mean age was 41.18 ( i' +/- 12.8), and 75.6% had mild COVID. Median duration of followup was 18 months ( 14q1-22q3 months). Total readmission rate was 66 (40.7%) (Group A 21 (50%) Vs Group B 45 (37.5%). Graft biopsy was done in 16% of patients. 9.3% patients had acute rejection (11.9% Vs 8.3%, p 0.05). Among those who had rejection, ABMR was seen in 2, ACR in 3, CABMR in 5 and combined rejection in 1 CONCLUSION(S): MMF dose modulation to tackle an infectious episode may be associated with graft dysfunction and rejection on follow-up and close follow-up is needed in any patient in whom MMF dose in manipulated.

Prospective Observational Cohort Study of Serological Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients at a Single Institution

Background. Pediatric kidney transplant recipients (PKTR) are at risk of poor outcomes from COVID-19. Data on serologic responses to COVID-19 vaccines in PKTR remain sparse. We characterized the magnitude, breadth, and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding antibody responses in PKTR. Methods. This single institution, prospective observational study enrolled PKTR presenting to a transplant clinic for routine care who had received or were eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Demographic data, history of prior COVID-19, and vaccination details were collected. Plasma samples obtained from standard-of-care residual specimens were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 spike variant IgG using the MesoScale Discovery V-PLEX platform, which quantitatively measures antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike wild-type (Wuhan-hu-1), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), Gamma (P.1), and Omicron (B.1.1.529;BA.1) variants. Vaccine time points with > 5 samples available were analyzed. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were calculated and log-transformed titers were compared using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc comparisons test. Results. 61 PKTR enrolled (Table1);47 (77%) received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine in transplant clinic. 47 (77%) PKTR had at least one sample available for analysis, but serial specimens were lacking for many. By 6 months post-dose 2 of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, spike (Wuhan-hu-1) IgG titers had waned to prevaccination levels (GMT 24 vs 47 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL, P=0.988). Administration of a 3rd dose of mRNA vaccine significantly boosted IgG antibodies (GMT 492 BAU/mL, P=0.007), and titers were maintained at 3 months (GMT 656 BAU/mL, P=0.001) but gradually waned by 6 months (GMT 223 BAU/mL, P=0.070). Administration of a 4th dose elicited a non-significant increase in titers (GMT 905 BAU/mL, P=0.870). Binding IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variant spike proteins post-vaccination were not significantly different from Wuhan spike. Conclusion. In this cohort of PKTR, a 3rd dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine significantly boosted broadly cross-reactive binding IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike variants, including Omicron. Decreasing titers at 6 months post-dose 3 raise concern for waning protective immunity and support 4th dose vaccination.

Preemptive Living Kidney Transplantation in Asymptomatic CKD Stage 4 With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: To Transplant or Not to Transplant? That Is the Question

Introduction: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the sine qua non consummate form of renal replacement therapy for ESRD with higher patient survival, improved quality of life, and lower healthcare costs. In the US, pre-emptive kidney transplantation (PEKT), defined as KT prior to progression to ESRD and maintenance dialysis, occurred in 17% of recipients overall, and in 31% of living donor kidney transplantation recipients. Advantages of PEKT over KT after starting maintenance dialysis are fewer pretransplant blood transfusions, increased rate of patients continuing employment, improved longterm graft survival, lower rates of delayed graft function, fewer episodes of acute rejection and decreased healthcare expenditures. Annual dialysis payer expenses in the US range from $60,000 - $125,000 excluding dialysis access-related costs which range from $7,000 - $19,000. Although KT has relatively high initial costs associated with induction immunosuppression and the initial hospitalization, maintenance immunosuppression costs range between $18,000 - $23,000, annually. Conversely, PEKT may arguably be unnecessary for some patients with eGFR in the 15-25 range who are otherwise asymptomatic, and where eGFR decline is slow. We have such a dilema. Case Description: 71-yo male patient with CKD stage 4, controlled hypertension and ADPKD, current eGFR of 17 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA, as at January 2022. He is presently otherwise asymptomatic, is normally active, working from home since the COVID-19 pandemic, appetite is good, and exercise tolerance is good and unchanged over the past year. Electrolytes are normal or controlled, and hemoglobin was 14.0 g/dL. Serum creatinine was 1.1 mg/dL in September 2003. However, serum creatinine increase in the past 42 months has only been very slow (Figure). Discussion(s): The QUESTION: To Transplant or Not to Transplant? (See Survey Link). (Figure Presented).

Mini international neuropsychiatry interview kid or child posttraumatic stress disorder symptom scale 5I for posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent girls infected with COVID-19.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that may develop after exposure to exceptionally life threatening or horrifying events. People suffering from PTSD are vulnerable for both physical and mental health. Objectives: To find out sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and to plot receiver operating characteristic curve taking Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview-Kid (MINIKID) as the gold standard and Child PTSD Symptom Scale 5I (CPSS-5I) as the newer diagnostic tool for diagnosing PTSD. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of 6 months from January 2021 to June 2021 at R. L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Center, Kolar, Karnataka through telephonic interviews. All the data entered in Microsoft office Excel sheet, analyzed using the SPSSv22 (IBM Corp). Results: Sensitivity of the CPSS-5I was 56% and specificity was 96% compared with MINIKID. 83% and 85%, respectively, was PPV and NPV of the CPSS-5I compared with MINIKID. Area under the curve is 83.9% with P < 0.001 (72.5-95.2) indicating CPSS-5I is 84% sensitive proving to be a very good diagnostic tool for diagnosing PTSD. Furthermore, scores of 9.5 or 10.5 from CPSS-5I can be used as cutoff in diagnosing PTSD using CPSS 51. Conclusion: CPSS-5I is extremely well designed, helpful and functional tool used in diagnosing PTSD. With the current study showing CPSS-5I can be used in post-COVID PTSD diagnosis, it also provides cutoff which can be helpful in mass screening.

Sentiment Analysis for YouTube Educational Videos Using Machine and Deep Learning Approaches

YouTube is one of the most popular video-sharing platforms. Recently, the use of YouTube as an educational tool has increased due to the covid-19 pandemic. The quality of the educational videos is crucial in the learning process. Users' comments on educational videos can help to determine the quality of the videos. Such comments can be utilized using a natural language processing technique called Sentiment Analysis. This research proposes a model to perform sentiment analysis on YouTube Arabic educational videos using classical machine learning classifiers and deep learning models. There are six experiments were conducted on two types of datasets: imbalance and balanced datasets. In addition, three balancing techniques were utilized which are: oversampling, under-sampling, and SMOTE. The results show that the best accuracy obtained from all the experiments was 96% by the SVC, RF, and DL model using the oversampling and SOMTE techniques. The worst accuracy achieved by the ML classifiers was 74% by the KNN classifier using the under-sampling technique. Meanwhile, the worst accuracy achieved by the DL model was 89% for the manually balanced dataset using the bigram, trigram, and five-gram. Additionally, this research introduced a novel dataset based on Arabic YouTube educational videos. This model can be beneficial to many researches in data mining research area or related research areas. © 2022 IEEE.

The effect of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on health-related quality of life in children.

INTRODUCTION: The study was conducted to examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality of life in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted with 597 children aged 7-13 and their parents using the online data collection tool via social media. Socio-demographic form and Generic Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children (Kid-KINDL) were used to collect the data. SPSS 23.0 program, descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS: During the pandemic, 41.5% of the parents stated that their child gained weight, tendency to sleep of 34.2% and tendency to use the Internet of 69.3% increased. The average self-reported quality of life score of the children was found to be 73.91 ± 8.44. The self-esteem sub-dimension score of the children whose tendency to sleep increased during the pandemic (p < 0.05); and the physical well-being (p < 0.001), emotional well-being (p < 0.001), self-esteem (p < 0.001), family (p < 0.01), school (p < 0.05) sub-dimensions and total (p < 0.05) score averages of the children whose tendency to use the Internet were found to be lower. The emotional well-being, family and friends sub-dimensions as well as total average scores of the children of the parents who feel fear/anxiety about coronavirus becoming a pandemic and who stated that lockdown negatively affected their mental health were found to be lower (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although self-reported quality of life scores of children were generally good, parents reported that their children gained weight, tendency to sleep and internet use increased during the pandemic.